An Open Letter to the Archbishops
of Canterbury and York
Dear Archbishops Welby and Cottrell
​
​We write as supporters of an organisation called CAMPAIN (www.campain.org), a group that challenges misrepresentation and misinformation in public affairs and the news media. It is a non-partisan body with members belonging to all political parties and none, and members of the Christian faith, other faiths and none. The instigators of this letter are Christian (including Ordained Priests). However, whether Christian or not, most people in the UK expect the established church and its leaders to be a beacon of hope in the dark areas of this world that will publicly stand up for the rights of ALL people – not just those who claim a faith.
​We note that the Church of England sets out its role in the world in its Five Marks of Mission. All signatories of this letter share a commitment to the fourth Mark which is “to transform unjust structures of society, to challenge violence of every kind and pursue peace and reconciliation”.
​We are sad, therefore, to observe how inconsistent the Church of England has become in doing so. On the one hand, you recently declared your support for a “National Care Covenant for England” and you made an Official Visit to advocate for peace in South Sudan, but we do not hear the Church cchallenging the suffering of Palestinians living under brutal Israeli military occupation and settler colonialism. Why?
​In Palestine, conditions have become increasingly severe since the beginning of 2023, with 75 Palestinians killed and 276 injured by the Israeli military up to 13 March, and there is now a new Israeli government composed of far-right and ultra-Orthodox parties, including several Ministers who openly express racist and violent views.
We are deeply troubled that you have provided so little public support for Church leaders in Israel-Palestine who predicted these outcomes in the Kairos Palestine document in 2009, and Cry of Hope in 2020. They declared that “the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land is a sin against God and humanity because it deprives the Palestinians of their basic human rights, bestowed by God.” Why have you ignored their plea for so long?
​We also query why you have not spoken out openly against Christian Zionism, which is based on end-time theology that casts into damnation those Jews who will not convert, and which might therefore be considered antisemitic. Christian Zionism enjoys massive Western support, provides cover for Israeli misdeeds, and causes untold damage to the Palestinians and to the prospects for middle eastern peace.
​Moreover, by backing Chief Rabbi Mirvis’s "warning about Jeremy Corbyn" on grounds of antisemitism (see here), you interfered in our electoral process in the run-up to the 2019 election. The two of you basically told Christians and Jews not to vote Labour and, given your standing in society, you are likely to have been influential way beyond your respective congregations. Neither of you appear to have examined factual information that showed that prejudice towards minorities in general (including Jews) was considerably higher in the Conservative Party (see here). In this way, you aligned yourselves with a view which had been endlessly parroted (without hard evidence) by the British news media and in effect supported the Conservatives.
​In 2018, following your meeting with the Chief Rabbi, the House of Bishops adopted the discredited IHRA working definition of antisemitism, without it seems, taking legal advice or seeking the endorsement of General Synod. Even its author, Kenneth S. Stern, has criticised the way it has been weaponised to silence criticism of Israel’s human rights abuses in Palestine. A range of eminent legal authorities[i] have all insisted that the legally entrenched right to free expression is being undermined by an internally incoherent “non-legally binding working definition” of antisemitism.
​It appears the Church of England, unlike other denominations, has too often taken the path of least resistance in the face of pressure from the Board of Deputies of British Jews. The Board is far from fully representative of the Jewish community in the UK. You need to recognise the diversity of Jewish opinion about Israel and engage with groups that represent both observant and secular Jewish people who are critical of the policies of the Israeli government.
​Christians inside and outside South Africa played a significant role in challenging apartheid and eventually defeating it. The Church of England should be challenging the practice of apartheid in Israel-Palestine today. Twenty years ago in 2002, in an article in the International Herald Tribune, Archbishop Desmond Tutu drew a parallel between South Africa and Palestine and the struggle against apartheid: “If apartheid ended (in South Africa), so can this occupation, but the moral force and international pressure will have to be just as determined. The current divestment effort is the first, though certainly not the only, necessary move in that direction”.
​We understand that the five Marks of Mission were designed to bring to life the teachings of Jesus Christ in the modern world and to set standards of behaviour for church organisations. Lamentably, the prophetic voice of Jesus has been silenced on Palestine within the Anglican Church under your leadership. In contrast, other denominations, including the Methodist and URC, have openly criticised this illegal occupation by public statements and investment decisions and yet the Church of England remains inactive in both these areas.
This year marks the 75th anniversary of the 1948 Nakba (the Catastrophe) in which 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from their homes creating one of the largest refugee crises in modern history. In May there will be international events to highlight the ongoing injustice of the Nakba. We call on you both to follow Archbishop Tutu’s example, advocate for the people of Palestine and help end their unjust suffering.
​We stand ready to engage in constructive dialogue and to help in any way we can.
​
Yours sincerely,
The undersigned – see list of signatories below
​
[i] These include Lord Hendy KC, Sir Anthony Hooper Retired lord justice of appeal, Michael Mansfield KC, Sir Stephen Sedley Retired lord justice of appeal, Hugh Tomlinson KC, Frances Webber Barrister and Sir Geoffrey Bindman KC
List of Signatories:
Note and disclaimer. Here we include information that signatories volunteer on their occupation, role and religious affiliation. We only list the nationality of people who tell us they are not British; otherwise one can be reasonably sure they are British. We have enabled a double opt-in function to check the identity of signatories. However we are unable to exhaustively check all details on all signatories, for which reason we rely on the truthfulness of the information they provide. Sometimes we have added details that are in the public domain.
Rev Mark Battison, retired Anglican priest, and former Chair of Sabeel-Kairos, now Chair of CAMPAIN, signing for Friends of Sabeel, Australia
Dr. Peter Shambrook, historian and Balfour Project Trustee
Tim Llewellyn, former BBC Middle-East Correspondent, now Balfour Project Trustee and member of CAMPAIN, Anglican
Ghada Karmi, Palestinian-born academic, physician and author living in London
Garth Hewitt, Founder of the Amos Trust, Anglican
Ken Loach, film director
Miranda Pinch, producer of the film 'From Balfour to Banksy, a Christian signing for CAMPAIN
Dr. Swee Ang, consultant orthopaedic surgeon, co-founder of Medical Aid for Palestinians, Christian
Natalie Fenton, Professor of Media and Communications, Goldsmiths College, London. Founder of the Media Reform Coalition
Jonathan Coulter, of Christian background, Secretary of CAMPAIN
Clare Short, former Labour Minister, non-practicing Catholic
Sharen Green, Anglican, and former human rights monitor in Palestine
John Dinnen, retired consultant pathologist, Anglican, former memberof General Synod, British and Irish
Robert Cohen, Jewish, author of seminal articles on the CofE's approach to Israel/Palestine and alleged antisemitism, see https://www.patheos.com/blogs/writingfromtheedge/about/
George Browning, retired Anglican bishop living in Canberra, Australia, British/Australian citizenship
Paul Leon John Mackney, former General Secretary of Natfhe / University & College Union, non-religious though his father was a CofE vicar, British/Australian
Rev. Canon Dr. Peter Liddell, Anglican, former Director of Pastoral Counselling, St. Albans Diocese
Jesse Wheeler, protestant Christian, Executive Administrator, Friends of Sabeel North America (FOSNA), signing on behalf of FOSNA, US citizen
David Cannon, Chair, Jewish Network for Palestine
Haim Bresheeth, Professorial Research Associate, SOAS, on committee of Jewish Network for Palestine. A Jewish atheist of UK and Israeli nationality
Les Levidow, academic researcher, committee member for Jewish Network for Palestine, Jewish
Rica Bird, a secular Jew featured in the Al Jazeera 'Labour Files' documentary series
Isabel Cooke Secretary, Bradford and Shipley Trades Council
Omar Haramy, Palestinian, Director of Sabeel, an ecumenical grass-roots liberation theology movement among
Helen Powell, signing as a Christian
David Myles
Sebastian Paemen
Paul Scarff, a court officer
Mihai Martoiu, a Dutch national
Elaine Ashley
David Yeates
Rimone Newman, British/American
Fiona Leach, a retired academic and aid worker
Nick Elvidge
Jerry Headley, a University Director
Rosie Atkins, retired
MikeHarling
Carolyne Darmanin, a retired civil servant
Professor Denis Mollison
Elizabeth Morley
Barbara Cairns
Mark Marshall
Mike Scott, retired Trade Union organiser
John Smith, Professor Emeritus of Fine Art, University of East London
Keith White
James Dickins, Professor of Arabic, University of Leeds
Laura Necchi-Ghiri
Matthew Bragg, Anglican
Robert Boyce, retired academic, Anglican
Lyn Ellerker
Michael Mood
Sussan Rassoulie
Anne Saunders
John Cagan
Steve Roman
John Yatchisin
Deirdre Malcolm
Alfred Gliddon
Helen Rosen, Jewish
Averil Barlow, practicing Roman Catholic, Irish
Caroline Raine
Clare Johnson, family carer and World Vision sponsor, spiritualism
Paul Hughes-Smith
Derek Perkins
JanDeckers, a Belgian living in the UK, Senior Lecturer in Medical Ethics and a member of CAMPAIN
Professor Susan Buckingham, retired
Michel Trainer
John Earle, a welfare rights adviser
Donald Saunders, Quaker
Marjorie Mansfield
Sally Skaife, an art psychotherapist
Roberta Child, a retired teacher
Alan Maddison
Rev Stephen Sizer, Director of the Christian Peacemaker Trust, Anglican
Des Byrne, a retired fire officer
Susan King, Anglican
Lesley Bryan
Torla Evans, a thoughtful empathetic human, Welsh
Penelope Ormerod, Quaker
Jane Casmally
Susan Brown
Mark Hollinrake
LindaWhittern, Quaker
Tumble Bone
Greg Harrowing
Thomas Coady
Ian Brown
Damon Chaplin
Chris Proffitt, retired teacher, Anglican
John Hodkinson
Stephen Latham
Helen Corkin, retired teacher
Helen Pearson
Peter Breingan
Jacqueline Griffin
Walter Zuk
Simon McKeown, systems designer, and Anglican of St Mary's Rotherhithe
Phil Baptiste, farmer
Roger Galley
David Selzer
CharlottePeters, atheist
John Knight
Chris Higgins
Margaret Ling
Sue Smith
Gillian Cohen, British/South African
Liam Physick
Dianne Cox, retired Anglican Priest
Michael Larcey, retired nurse and Catholic priest
Tracy Nelms, Catholic
Linda Lefevre
Penny Porter
Dave Owen
Susan Jones
Chris Gardner
Joanne Molyneux
Lysander Hardy-Pearce
Catherine Feeny
Isabel Tomlin, an Anglican Christian
Clive Semmens, a non-religious Jew
Jane Macintosh, Anglican
Ian Kemp, retired psychologist
Alexander Gavin, Scottish
Jane Collier
Pete Barclay
Colin Oxenforth, an Anglican priest
Helen Heenan
James Smith
John Adams, Anglican
Tomasz Pierscionek
Bridget Fowler, Emeritus Professor of Sociology
Barbara Gilmurray, Roman Catholic
Anthony Symmons, Welsh
Dennis Elphick, Anglican (carrying the name of an Anglo Saxon prior and archbishops of Canterbury)
Jeremy Lax, retired social worker, Quakers
Judith Blaker, Buddhist
Seamus O'Connell
Peter Blaker, teacher
Tony Graham
Andrew Buglass
Roger Coates
Jane Deutsch
Angela Martin
Peter Allen, Anglican
Macrina Walker, an Orthodox Christian from South Africa who grew up under apartheid and recognized it when she saw it in Palestine.
Omar Shamma
Sadi Sherriff
Graham Bell
Simon Hannington, signing for Karuna Action
Arthur Marchant
Coralie Thomson
Howard Harris
Christopher Gaynor, Anglican
Tim Barlow
Marian Carty, university lecturer, Roman Catholic, Irish
Jon Flint
Nicholas Ruch, Atheist
Amer Saabi, Muslim, Palestinian/Australian
David Carter
Peta Lunberg
Michaela Griffin, Anglican communicant
Kathy McCubbing
Clayton Palmer, gig economy worker
Stewart Whitehead, retired mental health nurse, humanist
Thomas Austin
Rowena Luke-King
Belinda Hunte
Deborah Darnes, a Christian not associated with any denomination
Paul Grunnill, Atheist
Pamela Manning, humanist
Karen Hall
Mike Cushman, Membership Secretary, Jewish Voice for Labour, an atheist of Jewish heritage
James Turner
Angela Royston
Arthur Jarrett
Frank Winfield, atheist
Robert Royston, retired journalist
Gill Hewitt, Anglican
Graham Atkinson
Pam Hardyment
David Platt
Bridget Neate
Robert Storey, retired refugee aid worker
Geoff Stoddart
Dr Eric Windgassen, consultant psychiatrist
Omar Aysha, a writer, Jewish
Thomas Stackhouse, Anglican
Jess Brady, a retired payments manager, Christian
Mike Young
Jackie Wrafter, Charity Director
Brian Wakefield
Pam Swift, a retired Anglican priest
Gerard O'Rourke, Irish
Pat Melia
Andy Simons, signing for palestinebooks.net
Kelsey Cowling
Maureen Purcell, Christian
Rosemary Mackenzie, retired headteacher
Rosie Hague, pediatrician, a Christian open to spirituality expressed in other faiths and cultures
Nicola Hall, a psychoanalytic psychotherapist
Sangeeta Lyons
Cath Kibbler, retired charity worker
John Coates, a consultant non-destructive testing engineer
Barbara Iqbal
Francesca Panza, retired architect, Italian
Paul Stewart, a company director, Anglican
William Barnett
Alison Morgan, former Anglican
Frank Beckett
John Metson
Judith Reynolds, retired teacher
Steve Hoyland
Cormac Kelly, retired teacher, atheist, British/Republic of Ireland nationality, signing for Socialist Alternative
Ed Myatt
Maggie Ganley
Dee Grimes Hayward
Simon Dewsbury, retired lawyer
Peter Balaam, Christian
Mary Dwyer
Gregor Cuff, Clerk in Holy Orders, Anglican
Andrew Morris
Ivor Moody, Jewish born atheist
Lars Gideon Petersson, Swedish citizen resident in Scotland
Jo Alexander, retired teacher, agnostic
Benjamin Treuhaft, 'Jewish Episcopalian atheist', US/UK nationality
Derek Ashton, Christian
David Goldberg, Jewish
Susan Myatt
Anthony Baldwin
Patrick Schan, Canadian
Lesley Brown, Christian
Lisa Hitchen Catholic Irish
Florence Germain
Miriam Wood
Tom Salmon
Jeanette Fletcher, sole trader
Stephen Whiting, Quaker
Duncan Thomson, firefighter
Judy Cunniffe
Charley Young
Janet Crosley
Sue Woodhead-Marsh
Barbara Corr, artist, Anglican, Irish/British nationality
David Riley
Nigel Haines
David Pinto, musician musicologist, Christian
Rosemary Nash, Christian
Paul Steele
Ann Brandon
David Hawkins, Anglican
Sue Sibany-King, Branch Secretary, Christian
Amal Ghusain, city councillor, signing for Exeter City Council FT steering group
Nicholas Taylor, clergy of the Scottish Episcopal Church, signing for the Church's Group on Palestine
Terry Savage
Clive Neil
Lorcan Smith, retired engineer and atheist
Gill Bee, Christian
Veronica Simpson
Tricia Griffin, Quaker
Jan Benvie, Scottish Episcopal Church
Ian Finn
Sonia Davey
David McDowall, Anglican
David Dean, company chairman
Martin Kernick, Post Christian
Sally Dawson
Cornelia Bower
james brooks
Emrys Jenkins, retired (university) academic
Andrew Hunt, Anglican Christian
Elspeth Strachan, Scottish Episcopal Church
Nina Heaton
Charles Wheeler
Talib Shah
Enid Gordon, a retired but still active Methodist minister
Lynne Davies, retired teacher
Angela Picknell
Arantza Gaba
Anthony Phillips
Kevin White, signing on behalf of LibDems Policy & Philosophy Group
Jim Malone
Ivano Darra, Italian
Jennifer Runham
Hilary De Santos, retired teacher, Jewish
Nadia Feiner
Leonard Beighton, Anglican
John Garrett, retired university lecturer
Caroline Byrt
Steven Blakemore
Mikey Tynemouth
Averil Parkinson
Lisa Diver, specialist in quality assessment
Chris Allen
Stephen Olive
Trish Silkin
John de Carteret, Christian, British/Jamaican
Rob Gardiner
Timothy Oxton, agnostic
Chitranga Diyasens, accountant, Buddhist
Revd Dr John Anderson, from West Musselburgh, Scotland
Michael Duffy
Colin Lomas, Anglican
Dr. David Hanraty, retired GP, Anglican
Jonathan Edwards, Anglican
Trevor Ault
Angie Mindel
Amy Fletcher
Philip Adams
Magan Singodia, retired lecturer, Anglican
Dorothy Brownlee
Mike Cahill
Brendan O'Brien, retired GP, Catholic Christian, Irish/British
Nic Lee
Shau Sumar
Ronald Mendel, associate lecturer, US citizen
Duncan Nimmo
Bob Walker, Anglican
Gregory Monks, Christian
Christine Barnard, retired lecturer and translator
Reiner Tegtmeyer, self-employed, German/British
Charlie Friel
Jeff Fiddes, Anglican
Caroline Brooke, Church of England
Irene Sedler, retired teacher
Chris Critchley, member of CAMPAIN
Caroline Moor
Nigel Godfrey
Karen Frontera, Anglican
Ian Cuthbertson
Peter Richell
Brenda Barnard
Ronald Kercher, Anglican
Razia Dean
Ronald Webster, British/Welsh
Stuart Littlewood, writer
Sylvia Finzi
Rod Walters retired lecturer, Church in Wales
Jane Marshall, granddaughter of Eastern European Jews
Gareth Adamson
Tim Munton, Buddhist
Valerie Mann
Pat Price-Tomes, 'Quaker if any!'
Mariette Clare, Quaker
Ian White
Johanna Alberti, Quaker
Anthony Gratrex, Christian
Adam Waterhouse, member of CAMPAIN, Buddhist
Michael Wright
Robert Board
Rita Loddo
Sarah And Team Co-Moderators, SE London Lewisham Friends Of Palestine
Chris Preston
Marc Truscelli, Christian background, French
Ruth Ross
Ann Newton-Marcial
Jackie Townsend, retired acupuncturist
Naomi Junnor, social worker, Scottish
Lindsay Shaw, Christian, active Anglican member
John Morris
Sarah Sheriff, Co-Founder Muslim Community Helpline
Bridget Chadwick, Quaker
Hugh Wallis
Hugh Walker, Anglican
Jacqueline Alsaid, Lawyer
John Compton
Gavin Lewis, Academic/Writer
Jenny Richardson
Alice Severs
John Baker, retired teacher and musician, Quaker-ish
David Plank, retired local authority chief executive and director of social services
Julie Watson, Christian
Steph Archer, Local Authority Project Manager
Paul Rechnitz, Musician, Jewish
Jenny Kassman
Rufus Francis
David Lancaster
Patricia Miqdadi, Buddhist
Kathy Hamilton, retired teacher, Christian, Cambridge
Andrew Hornung
Roshan Pedder
Alistair Dawkins, Nurse
Heather Mendick, Jewish
Les Storey
Mohammed Ahmed, Chartered Accountant
Illinois Cook
Marc Lancaster
Fiona Norman
Joan Barnett
Alana Heaney, Irish
Dafydd Ladd, Welsh
James Parker, Scottish
Sai Brace
Susan Cox
Clare Copeland
Patricia Heatherington
Alyson Read, Parish Councillor, Christian
Malcolm Bradstock, Aetherius Soc.
Johnny Moxley, Irish
Marc Beishon
Austin Fletcher
Chas Hayes, Irish
Dr Rodney Watts Signatory JJP, member JNP Charismatic Christian (Regions Beyond)
Rin Roche
Richard Pink, horticulturalist, Christian, signing for Barton Plants
Michael Calderbank
Bernard Grant, Anglican
Margaret Sheridan, Anglican, Irish
Susannah Hughes, Christian
Shuna Watkinson
Sandra Law
Jane McArthur
Ellie Palmer, Emeritus Professor/Law/Human Rights, British/ Austrian
Victoria Putler
Marius Kwint, Academic, Anglican heritage
Jan Marsden, retired mental health professional
Nicola James
Emily Fawcus
Jenny Hardacre
Paul Scott, Consultant, Anglican
Robert Wyatt, Musician
Joanna Mingham, Christian
Sara Williams, Christian, Welsh
Mark Crichton, carer
Matthew Collings, artist/writer
Daniel Condon, Architect, Irish
Alfreda Benge, Artist, Austrian
Mark Benfold
Judith Hammond, Quaker, Bradford on Avon Friends of Palestine
Raimo Kangasniemi, Finnish
Margaret Howard
Tom Tamplin, Christian
Sharon Shohfi, Christian
Mary Whitby, Roman Catholic
Omar Haramy, Palestinian, Director of Sabeel, an ecumenical grass-roots liberation theology movement among Palestinians, signing for Sabeel
Jafar Ramini
Anthony McCabe
Audrey White
John Lydiatt
Sheila Gorman Flynn
Frances Naggs
Cathryn Everiss
Rhodri Windsor
Gill Ross, practising Christian
Cammy Mackenzie, Clergyman, Church of Scotland
Kenneth Tomkins, Christian
Dawn Charmaine Morgan, Christian
Lynn Howes, Christian
John Burgess
Eleanor Jones
Kitty Warnock
Jenifer Devlin
Ann Boyne, Rc
James Collins, Rector/Parish Priest, Anglican, Australian
Tracey Battison
Jesu Lucas
David Butler, Irish
Gill Day
Marisa Drucker
Tony Booth, Environment Officer, Jewish Voice for Labour
Val Bodels
Elaine Malcolm, solicitor, Anglican
Simon Birnstingl
Mary Carlin
Philip Glaysher
William McCarthy, Roman Catholic, Irish
Lucy Moy-Thomas
Sharon Browne, support worker
Jean Fardoe
Michael Westcombe
Margot Williams
Sue Richards
Mark Sharkey
Anne Laville
Susan Campbell
Helen Turner, retired social worker, Christian
Daphne Hunter, Irish
Moira Mcdermott, Roman Catholic
David Littlewood
Afif Abu-Rish
Pamela Burton
Art Butler, Marine Electronic Engineer
Steven Fox
Kailash Kutwaroo
Pam Jones
Linden Lynn
Ben Tooley
Peggy Breckin, Roman Catholic
Alexandra Panagiotarakou Johnson
Neil Kenny, Scottish
Teri Cardinalli
Maha Elias
Jacqueline Charles
Brenda Langworthy, Yeovil
Anne Susan Olive, retired adult education teacher, Evangelical Anglican
David Epstein
Diane Pearson
Andrew Papworth, retired social worker, Humanist
Penny and John Leigh-Brown
Jill Murphy
Munsif Khan
Robert Plumb, Mental Health Law Trainer
Gavin Williams, Welsh
Rod Everett
Rich Knapper, Consultant
Mark Ralph-Bowman
Peter Harding, Anglican
Shazia Gleadall
Susan Ferguson
Michael Jones
C Sweeney
Clare Willison, Christian
John Patrick Connolly
Anita Gill
Wendy Taylor, Anglican
John Mitchell
Susan Thompson
Julie Ryan
Yvonne Davies, Anti-poverty
Maureen Lindsay
Robert White, Anglican
Jackie Walker
Paul Mcmahon, unpaid carer, Roman Catholic, Scottish
Ian Westell
Steve Kinneavy
Muge Dindjer
Tali Chilson, Academic, Roman Catholic
Edward Vanderpump
Carol Grayson
Gerard Whoriskey
Peter Symons, Roman Catholic, Welsh
Richard Harris
Patrick Towey
Caroline Harris, retired nurse, Roman Catholic, Irish
David Fairn, Canadian
Anthony Grove
Helen Bentley
Lisa Pearce
Emilia Clark
Louise Lee
Jacqueline Robinson
Ruth Gould, Anglican
Derek Chadwick, Christian
Sarah Trousdale
Keven Bennett
Sue Cooke
Anthony Sperryn, Christian (Anglican)
Roger Kelly
Cherry Barnett
Nicola O’Connor
Julie Dent
Anita Kanani, NHS staff member, Hindu
John Rogers, Unison
Rabah Bengherabi
Sally Garland
Levette Callander, a believing Christian, Scottish
Stephen White
Doreen Clifford, retired teacher
Dave Rendle, Welsh
Gordon Brocksopp
Tricia Scott, Psychotherapist, Anglican
Elizabeth York
William Robson
Ruth Sakr
Brenda Poole
Shah Allybokus
Kelvin Yearwood
James Taylor
Rachel Nassif, Christian
Christine Dawson
Jane Ball
Cyril Wheat
Margaret West, Visiting Research Fellow, Roman Catholic
Peter Hague, Anglican/Quaker
Nicola Gray
Jane Maskell
Bob Marshall, Quality Manager, Catholic
Tony Burford
Richard Lockwood, Retired Fire Officer
Eileen Foley, Irish
Carol Anthony
Jodi Thomas
Tom Wright
Deirdre Sloan, Irish
Nicola Wheeler, carer, Roman Catholic
Catherine O'Brien
David Kane, Scottish
Sally Davies, signing for Jewish Justice for Palestinians, Leamington Spa, part of JfJfP(UK)
Chris Price
Juergen Rose, retired Christian school teacher, Anglican Network in Canada, Canadian/South African
Gordon Smith Taylor, Scottish
Alan Christopher
Jinty Rowley
Wayne Hallam
Paola Manduca, Italy
Andrew Dickie, Anglican, retired barrister and teacher
Ken Mapley, Member of CAMPAIN
Michael Cook, Welsh
Iqbal Sram, Barrister at Law
Irene Ridgeon, Quaker
Jennifer Moore-Blunt, Christian
Chris McCabe, volunteer
Simon Power
Michael French, retired trade union officer
Sandra Walters
Hilary Collinson, retired minister of religion
Josephine Taylor, Anglican
Mike Dixon, retired Anglican priest
George Peel, Humanist (Atheist), British (Irish).
Bernard Spiegal
Barry Fuge
Helrn Wallage, Anglican
Christopher Fox
Lorraine Tye
Anne MacRae, Scottish
Catherine Gilsenan
Colin Horwood
Peter Hudson
Pauline Hardman
David Terry, railworker, Christian
Fred Orton
Lynn McAllister, Anglican
Tracey Tebbutt, patient coordinator/phlebotomist
Julia Raine, customer service, Roman Catholic
Rita Berry
Fiona Jones
Mark Ruark
Peter Sire
Peter Kynaston
Karen Dow
John Austin, former MP
Martin Luter Zinn, Managing Director, Anglican
Jacqueline Bowe
Diane Rogers, Welsh
Susan Erswell
Pat Mood, Anglican
Sylvia Marchant
John Mood, retired senior probation officer, Anglican
Suzanne Looms, Anglican
Laura Pelling, student
Peter Gillard
Afryl Kelly
Nicholas Weaver, retired architect
Michael Deadman, university professor, Atheist
Terry Pearson
Martin Woodford
Huw Spanner
Martin Golding, retired university lecturer and psychoanalytic psychotherapist, Jewish
Karl Schneider, Anglican
Anne Glendining
Wendy Patterson
Patrick McDonald
Paul Arnold Anglican
Joe Catron, Orthodox Church in America, U.S.
Catherine Hughes
Sandy Kennedy, retired lecturer, Roman Catholic
Malcolm M Sawyer
Alice Bondi, Jewish, British and Austrian
Adrian Stern
Sue Fuller
Katy Rowe, Christian
Alison Selwood
Ian Duff
Jane Lambe
Zhale Rasekh
Tony Greenstein, Atheist
David Booth
Shifeeq Ahmed
Anthony Quinn
William Campbell
Stephen Jackson
David Townsend, Ordinand at United Reformed Church
Muhammad Ali Nasir, Professor, Muslim
Malcolm Ede, Anglican
Mary Wilson, ex-Catholic
Glenn Martin, pensioner, Theist
Shafia Stevens
Simon Patterson
Hilary Crook, Anglican, St Albans Friends of Palestine
Annie Macfarlane, Church of Scotland
David Kidner
Geoffrey Curl, opposition to the abuse of Jewish people as political footballs
Joseph Gorniak
Roma Mills, social worker, Roman Catholic
Eleanor Care, Christian
Patricia Pile
Lindsey Iqbal
Peter Kirker
Ann Eggboro, Member of the Methodist Church
Camille Fidgett, Roman Catholic
Hilary Price
Norma Frye, Christian
James Lenoel, British and Irish
Susan Blackwell, university lecturer, United Reformed Church
Robin Bradbury, retired priest, Christian
Margaret Dunne, Roman Catholic
Linda Middleditch
Noel Hamel
William Johnston, Jewish by race, but not by religion
Carole Stuart-Mc Ivor, writer, Pantheist, Scottish
James Hall
Frances Kay, writer
Abe Hayeem, architect, Jewish, signing on behalf of Architects and Planners for Justice in Palestine
Lynne Edwards
Ann Molloy
Martin Prior, Unite
Alan Pulverness
Patricia Senio, retired secondary teacher
Graeme Atkinson, retired journalist, Atheist
Ian Hart, television director, Catholic
Aman Qureshy
Sylvia Roberts
Bob Walker
Anthony Grant, Christian
Brian Precious
Dorothy Macedo
Catherine Grummitt
Eve Hill
Rosalind Austin
Janice Joannou, Christian
Stephen Williams, retired secondary school headmaster, Methodist
Paul Fox
Sabera Islam
Bernice Jervis
Martin Read, retired teacher
Robert Lizar, solicitor, Jewish
Gerard Daly
Alma Yaniv
Ruby Lescott
Graham Ogden
Terry Clarke, Jewish
Vanessa Smith, Anglican
Dodie Ritman
Greville Mills, Methodist local preacher
Maria Elizabeth Pettit
Angela Peoples
Jacqui Bartram, Agnostic
Linda Balfe, clergy spouse, Anglican
Julie Hope, retired teacher
Pam Jakeman
Paula Moorhouse, Humanist
Keith Mallinson, Advocate
Elizabeth Dresner, Jewish
Pete Firmin
Andrew Kerswell, Christian
Geoff Taylor, retired teacher, non religious, solidarity member of Jewish Voice for Labour
Brenda Brown
Annie Blindell
Gillian Nielsen
Izzat Darvazeh, professor
Pete Magee, Catholic, Irish
Simon Pearson, member of St Saviour's PCC Chalk Farm, Anglican
Leslie Hartop
Eileen Gibson, Irish
Catrin Thomas, interpreter, Welsh
Roy Bly
Christopher Wallis
Alison Errington, no religion but baptised
Mike Whitehead
Adrian Scandrett, former Methodist
Ingrid Haas
Wendell Lionarons, psychiatrist, Christian, Dutch
John Mclaughlin
Robert Castell
Nick Jenkins, journalist
Pam Thorn, retired priest, Anglican
Jennifer Kidman, retired teacher
Jenny Foster
Peter Newham
Ali Reynolds
Anthony Hagger, unpaid carer
Malcolm Adkins
David Rennie, Scottish
Chick Mc Kain
Malcolm Segall, retired paediatrician, Jewish
Stephen Hadden
Robert Barrett
Phyl Scorfield
Sheila Barrett
Joanna Barker, Protestant
Jane Weston
Mary Sullivan, Irish
Caroline Sabin, artist, Jewish
Stephen Carlill
Clare Daly, nurse
Colin Fairburn
Damian McCarthy, Christian
Andrew Davidson
Tom Gooodall
Alan Deadman
Adrienne King
Stephen Morley
Mai Waby
Jenifer Landor
Lynne Lane, retired social worker
Francesca Brock, carer's allowance recipient
Andrew Parfitt, Anglican
Jean Turner, retired teacher
Simon Locke
Vivian Lobo, Catholic
Edward Hulme, Anglican
John Davidson
Dorothy Davidson, Presbyterian
Barbara Ash
David Collison
Barbara Brend, historian of Islamic art, Anglican churchwarden
Stan Was
Diamond Versi
Janet Gardiner, English/Irish
Ken Archer
David Jones, retired Anglican priest, British/South African
Adrian Banham
Ian Love, Christian (Methodist)
Zohar Chamberlain Regev, Muslim, Israeli/German
Jean Buckland
Leon Jevons, Jewish
Edna Leys, Scottish
Richard Samson
Robert Gallagher, priest, retired Anglican Inner City Vicar, still advocating and commenting
Ranil Hewavisenti
James Kemp
Angie Hudson, retired social worker, Christian
Val Ormston, Christian
Shaun Pye
Za’imah Bordone
Chris Gill, artist
Stephen Conlon, Roman Catholic
Mark Jones, Britain Yearly Meeting, Religious Society of Friends, Quaker
Lindsey Colvin-Fox
Martin Tolley, Anglican
John Martin
Nabila Elahi, Islam
Eller Everett
Collin MacDonald
Gerrard Sables, trade union and community activist, communist party branch secretary
Sue Vaughan
Barry Ackerman
Tim Rossiter
David Margolies, Emeritus professor, Jewish (non-religious)
Charlotte Bailey, school governor, humanitarian
Duncan Taylor, Amnesty International
Patrick Fludder, Roman Catholic, Bursar at Worth Abbey, Sussex
Paul Wimpeney, retired teacher, ex-Roman Catholic, British/Irish
Baroness Dr Jenny Tonge, Anglican
Scott Ward
Rod Cox, organiser of an exhibition of Palestinian Children's Art held in Liverpool Cathedral & chaired by the current Archbishop of Canterbury
Kevin Tulliver, retired teacher
Morad Moursi, academic
Bernadette McGowan, Roman Catholic, British/Irish
Diana Wallis
Gladys Williams, retired mental health professional, Anglican
Ian Ampleford
George Paxton, Unitarian
Colin Morris
Barclay Lane, ex Conservative local councillor
Rachel Darwazeh
Claire Davies
Tim Towers
Ruth Thomas, Anglican
Jennifer Joy-Matthews, Quaker
Angus Geddes, member of the United Reform Church
Tim Bushell, retired hospital consultant, Anglican
Joe Cairns
Diane Langford
Janet Davies, Anglican
Annie Power, retired teacher, Humanist, Irish/British
John Cornwall
Gregory Paul Turner, United Reform Church
Vivienne Bolton
Alan Marsden
Anne Belworthy
Louise Chick, church administrator, Christian
James Norman Wright, retired teacher, NEU
Bernard Griffiths
Dick Allwright, retired teacher, Humanist
Michael Latham
James Tracey, Christian
Peter Betts
Lucy Goodison, author
Peter Mone, Irish
Dr Francis Clark-Lowes, writer, Unitarian
Lesley Dawson, retired university lecturer, Anglican Christian
A Prasad, Scottish
Nick Connors
Susan Elworthy, Anglican
Phil Thomas, Anglican congregant member
Keith Armes
Nicholas Brady, Catholic
Nell Potter, Executive Officer, signing for Christian Palestine Israel Ecumenical Network (PIEN), Australian
Ian Rodley, New Zealand
Jeff Marchant
James Douglas
Jacqueline Collins, Anglican
Kate Blair
Richard Segall Jones, Atheist
Frances Armes
Steve Kendall
Joanna M. Coxhead
Caroline Routledge, mental health nurse
Derek Bird
David Swindells, retired teacher-trainer, Quaker
Frances Bernstein, Jewish
Hilary Povey, professor
Patricia Swindells, Christian
Alison Phelps, Harehills Lane Baptist Church, Leeds
Richard Johnson, retired social worker
James Chiriyankandath, Unitarian, Indian
Maria Yeaman
Costandi Bastoli, Roman Catholic, Australian
Alison Brown, Anglican
Peter Panayi
Jill Eastland
Abbas Hussain, retired human rights lawyer
Joachim Neff, British/German
Sue Hamilton, Christian, Scottish
George Mason, retired family doctor, Quaker
Edward Knasel, Quaker Local Meeting Clerk
Susan Fitzpatrick, Catholic
Eve Middleton
Natalie Strecker
Veronica Leeke
Mary-Anne Potts
Richard Hopper
Christopher Gwyntopher, retired refugee and migrants caseworker, Quaker
Susan Milner, teacher
Celia Adams, Anglican, East Devon Justice for Palestine
Adrianne Lake
Elizabeth Clarson, Buddhist
James Turley
Tareq Khamis
Jon Ellis, retired primary school teacher
Peter Last
Nicola Hall, psychotherapist
Janice Dickson
Egbert Harmsen, Dutch
Vera Baccino, Christian
Mike Davies, Atheist
Ian Poole, writer, Roman Catholic
Lin Patterson, Quaker, dual US/UK citizen
Paddy O'Keeffe, actor, Humanist, Irish
Shama Alam, Muslim
Colin McKean, retired G.P., Parochial Church Council, St Agnes Toxteth Park, Anglican
Carol Taylor-Spedding, Christian
Max Cook
Kate Adams
Terence Roberts
Peter Lyons
Kholoud Porter, Muslim
Adrie Breugelmans
Andy Stillman, education retired
Christiane McKeown, Scottish
Kay Murphy, Unite Community
Anne Blair-Vincent
Bill Vincent
Deborah Darnes, Christian
Garry Strudwick
Linda Ruhemann
Paul Stewart, company director, Anglican
Graham Davey, retired teacher, Quaker
Yasmin Quayyum, lawyer, Muslim
Christopher Ellis
Isabel Clarke, clinical psychologist, Anglican
Lucy Zawadzki, occupation/role: Citizen of Gaia; Quaker
Vin Cass
Ken Moon, Chair RCT Palestine Solidarity Campaign, Welsh
Paulina Palmer, university teacher retired, Warwick University
Rod Jones
Phil Crowe
Theresa Waterhouse
Kathleen Zimak, retired headteacher of Anglican school, Anglican, representing Sabeel-Kairos NW
Tricia McLaughlin
Alison Jones
Susan Willmott, Anglican
John Hall
Eddie Powell
Faiq Tukmachi
Jonathan Puttock
Adam Holden, Irish
Clive Darling
Revd Richard Wise, parish priest, Anglican
Nick Swabey, retired professor, lapsed Christian
Jane Lee
Gemma Battison
Adam Rawat
Tricia Goddard, Anglican
Stephen Gamble
Peter Goodall
Eva Kulakiewicz
Angela Cargill, Christian/Anglican, from welcoming refugees in Crediton
John Dunn, health and safety professional
Carole Plummer, retired nurse, Christian
Mark Pennell
Tracy Firby
Phyl Hoadley, Christian, Evangelical Alliance
Tim Spence
Asa Winstanley, journalist from the Electronic Intifada
Jean Sullivan
Bernadette Meaden
Jason Motz, freelance writer, Humanist, Canadian
Basil Valentine, broadcaster
Yolanda Williams, retired nurse
Simon Caplan, Scottish
Charles Broadfoot, Roman Catholic
Jackie Garland
Guy Darrer
Robert Jackson, Roman Catholic, PSC member, Scottish
Anthony Collins, Roman Catholic, Irish
Michael Harrison, Christian
Anne Holland
Gill Holland
Joan Aldarab, British & Irish
Prof VL Russell, academic
Dorothea Khamis, Palestinian of Christian heritage
George Graham, Scottish
Sandra Hamrouni
Sarah Johnson, Irish
Patricia Banke, Christian
Linda Baker, Zen Buddhist
Alwyn Hornsey
Gillian McGarry
Roy Mowatt
Jack Thomas
Patrick Sheehan
Burton Steck, U.S.
Linda Bache
Warren Bardsley, Methodist minister
Anthony Hall, Agnostic
Ian Malcolm-Walker
Patrick Lonergan
Glynis Freeman
Juliet Molteno
Robert Horsfield
Beatriz Maldonado
Vanessa Stilwell (daughter of Jewish refugee)
Andy Wales
June Lamb
Salim Bhatoo
Linda Lundie, Roman Catholic
Neil Shenton
Mike Rahr
Michael Noble
David Roger
James Stuart, Australian
Peter Dowse
Kim Arrand
Mark Pickard, retired dispatch clerk, teacher, Atheist
Paula Derry
Neil Lieberman, retired solicitor, Jewish
Douglas Macari
Nina Davies
Yvonne Arnaud
Philip Ward, Jewish origin
Nadia Amara
Hilary Lester, member of the Eastern Orthodox Church, British/Irish
Ian McDonald
Kathlyn Gadd, retired chartered accountant
Nathan Finkelstein, Swiss
Eric Cooke, Malaysian
Vejay Patel
John Chalcraft, Professor of Middle East History and Politics, Department of Government, LSE
James Bate
Jane Foxworthy
Darryl Sugg
Gabriel Peachey
Gregory Harris
Diana Neslen, Jewish
Angelika Golz, Christian, German
Marilu Cavaliere, Italian
Alan Wheatley, confirmed Anglican, Quaker since late 1970s
Nicholas Butcher
Lee Whitaker, Anglican
Carola Mathers, retired consultant psychiatrist, Buddhist
Daphne Gilbert
Jawed Siddiqi, Emeritus Professor, Sheffield Hallam University
Catherine Bjarnason
Josephine Tyrconnell-Fay, Roman Catholic
Andrew Carter
John Richard Hunter
Cathy Farnworth, researcher, Christian, British, German
Roger Iredale, Emeritus Professor of international education, Quaker
Alan Wright
Pam Wortley
Roger Spettigue
Ann Soo, Christian
Javed Chaudhary
Mohammed Sahmoude
Tom Hall, playwright, Irish
Michael Shanahan, Roman Catholic, member of Scottish PSC
Mujahid Islam, Muslim
John Brown
Michael Caffrey, Irish
Sophia Deeg, German
Hazel Roy, theatre director
Mushtaq Ahluwalia, retired UK civil servant
Barbara Kay Lawrence
Mark Elf, ambulance care assistant, Jewish
Peter Gudynas
Peter Short, Roman Catholic
Mervyn Hyde, Anglican
Chris Martin, retail assistant, Roman Catholic
Mahrose Mohsin
Jeanne Capozzoli, an Episcopalian from the USA
Ken Baker
Asif Khamisa
Gary Griffuths
Muhammad Naeem, engineer
Jill Azzouzi, Muslim
Geoffrey Turner, retired university professor
Nicholas Fisher
Judy Granville
Jo Rawsthorne
Barry Watson
Peter Kent-Baguley, retired university tutor
Gillian Brown
Nicola Malleson
John Puntis
Michael Holmes
Avril Alexander
Jenny Granville
Antoinette Mangion, follows the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
Dr Scott Mann, retired Law Professor, Western Sydney University, British/Australian
Michael Gilligan
Carolyn Gelenter, teacher
Michael Shaik, Australian
Martin Lawford
Robert Jarman, parish administrator, Anglican, Australian
Anne Gray, retired academic researcher
Alan Booker
Rada Daniell
Hugh Willliams, retired psychologist
Teresa King
Jonathan Tibbo
Helen Stollar, lapsed Jew
Stuart Phillips, Christian, Welsh
Christine Watson, lecturer, Orthodox Christian
Colin Barnes, economist
Judith Wardle
Steve Fisher
Christine
Mike O'Shea, Atheist
Canon Barry Naylor, Anglican priest
Ruth Gillett, Christian
Erica Brook
Janice Gupta Gwilliam
Mike Craig, social campaigner
Keith Russell
Taraneh Ahmadi-Parker, British/Iranian
Muriel McConaghy, Irish
Helen Foster, Anglican
Sharon Morgan, Welsh
Kste Collins, Irish
John Upright, Methodist
Federica Sanna Valle, Italian
Deborah Mahmoudieh
Lissa Roy, Christian
James Charles
John Goodman, co-operator, non-practicing Jew
Anne Warren, retired teacher, belongs to the Uniting Church Australia, Australian
Suzanne Gannon
James McGuire
Phillip Johnson, Scottish
Marion Roberts, Emeritus Professor
Juls Price
Georgina Basset
Hamish Coubrough
Dinah Barry
Huw Lloyd, Welsh
Robert Beard, NHS111 Service Advisor, Anglican priest, UN/Republic of Ireland
Sarah Doyle
Denys Delahoyde
Janice Clark, Christian
Michael Reed, lifelong campaigner for international human rights
Michael Hughes
Tom Rawlinson, cultural Christian
John England
Julie Harrington, disabled, Roman Catholic, Scottish
Daniel Phillips, retired engineer, Roman Catholic
Nazim Merchant
Adrian Wait, former community development worker, Christian
Andrew McFadden, Anglican
Les Sheppard
Heulwen Baworowska, Orthodox Christian
Alexander Harper, company director, Anglican
Eldin Fahmy, academic
Richard Seaford, Professor of Ancient Greek, Anglican
Teresa Mohamed
Alison Hardwick, Methodist
Richard Layton, Executive Officer, Brynbala Farm
Grace Murphy
Lynn McKinnie
Julia Silezin, Secretary, Rhondda Cynon Taf Palestine Solidarity Campaign, Church in Wales
Michael Vaughan
Sameena Ahmad, doctor
Ian M Allan, Christian, Scottish
Dr Amanda Garrie, retired Lecturer
Ishaq Aslam
Colin Stroud
Clare Kennedy, Catholic
Rajan Rijhwani, Canadian
Catherine Connolly
Jo Walton, retired/full time unpaid carer, Christian
Olufemi Okeniyi, Christian
Stephen Novy
Sarah Cave
Maria Afghan
Zinab Awad, American
Maheen Afghan, student
David Sheehan, retired teacher, practising Roman Catholic, British/Dutch
Gary Howkins
Mark Jervis
Rod Jones, retired social worker
Richard Van Heeswyk, Muslim
Amina Mangera, community activist
Habib Ejaz
Zahir Aziz, citizen
Sohail Zafar
Helen Brown
David Williams
Arthur Tewungwa, Protestant, Ugandan
Mahatma Hemry, web adminisrator, Christian, USA
Colin Mewett
Marija Skorupski, Christian
Kathleen Forslund
Shah Makujina, American
Andy O'Neil
Liz Shephard
Balvinder Sopal
Paul Neill
Pete Gregson, NHS project officer, signing for One Democratic Palestine
Kagelelo Mphetolang, Anglican priest, from Botswana
Michael Quinn
Narinder Bassi
Jocelyn Hurndall, author of 'My Son Tom: The Life and Tragic Death of Tom Hurndall'
James Martin, Christian, Irish
Simon Wood, Scottish
Kathy Washington, Black American
Ciarán Suter, Ireland
Jamie Stroud
Michael Evans
Jan King
Annar Follesø, Roman Catholic, Norwegian
Michael Francis Bazzant
Rob Wall, retired care worker, Unison member
Murray Glickman, retired university lecturer, culturally Jewish
Mo Ayoub, IT manager
Linda Watson, retired social worker
Judy Haiven, member of Independent Jewish Voices Canada, Jewish, Canadian
Mike Green
Gillian Russell, Anglican
Nicola Wearmouth
Brendan Blake
Chris Somes-Charlton
Pamela Parsons
Linda Price
Alan Mackie, retired financial journalist and consultant specialised in the Middle East, and particularly Egypt
Doug Hewitt, retired Assoc. Professor at Australian Catholic University, of Uniting Church in Australia, and signing for Christians for Peace Newcastle, Australian
Lyn Langford, no religious exclusivity
Marie Ang, Anglican
Peter Moore, nurse, Buddhist
Marjorie Finlay, Christian, Scottish
Peter Hutchinson, retired Anglican Clergyman
Polly Griffith
Lorna Thompson
John Mitchell
Jonathan Maytham
Guinevere Tufnell, consultant child & family psychiatrist (retired) and family therapist
Richard Comaish, Quaker
Maggie Gothard
Mary Brown, Quaker
Gail Murden, Anglican
Ann Lawrence, Christian
Jeremy Hawthorn, Anglican
Martin Smith, retired psychiatrist, ex-Anglican
Debbie Smith
Chris Helm
Beth Gibbons
Anthony Stapleton, Irish
Patricia Hughes
Stephen Branscombe, retired NHS scientist
Merryn Williams, poet
Brian Smith, Christian (of various denominations, including Anglican)
Monica Bolton, retired doctor, Christian, member of ecumenical church including Anglicans
Lorenzo Ramero, Italian
Felicity Taylor
Tony Troughton-Smith
Rosemary Vincent
Mary and Tony Winter, Welsh
Christine de Pulford
Gary Jakings
Nicola Stroud
Vanessa Pool, clinical supervisor, Chair of Peterborough Palestine Solidarity Campaign
Lisa Duignan, student, American
Gilli Howarth, Christian - Anglican
Andrew Crockett, Christian
Dorothea Jessop, Anglican
Philip Wagstaff
Jean Fitzpatrick, from London
Claire Jackson
Kathryn Wilson, Anglican
René Gimpel, Jewish
Angela Chapel
Jonathan Chaplin, Lay member, Ely Diocesan Synod, Anglican
Laura Swaffield, journalist, Anglican
Ellen Graubart, artist
Linda Speight, Committee member Jewish Network for Palestine
Stewart Eames
Joe Martin, Anglican
Con Carroll, Irish
Beverley Cottrell, Australian
Jacob Ecclestone, Former Deputy General Secretary of the National Union of Journalists, Christian
Caroline Hope
Françoise Pinteaux-Jones, Anglican TSSF, Allied Translators, British and French
Ali Al-Zubaidi
Linda Lindan, retired teacher
Julie Pearn, Anglican
Linda Poulson
Susan O'Neill
Susan King
David Hall
Sarah Hinks
​
Total of approx 1,340 signatories to date
- - - - - - to continue - - - - -
​